Your stomach and brain work like a team in constant communication about when you need to eat. Your stomach signals, "I’m hungry" sending a hormone called ghrelin, and once you eat, your body’s fat signals back “I’m good” using leptin. The growls you hear are just your stomach and intestines moving things around when they're empty.1 But the key here is in the brain—the hypothalamus is acting as a referee—making the call on when to eat or stop based on these signals. Fasting, or choosing not to eat for a period tests this system at every level, challenging us to take control of our body despite all this internal chatter. D.L Moody said, “If you say “I will fast when God lays it on my heart,” you never will. You are too cold and indifferent to take the yoke upon you.” Moody did not intend to insult our will in this, he merely pointed out the reality of our sinfulness in combination with these physiological realities.
Generations past have had more exposure to fasting which is why you can see the public practice in early America. John Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony said, "Fasting is a means to seek the face of God, to humble ourselves before him, and to obtain his favour."2 The public was often called to times of prayer and fasting with churches leading the charge. Increase Mather, a prominent theologian, reminded his readers, "Fasting is a duty incumbent upon all Christians, both in public and private, as a means appointed by God for the humbling of our souls, and the obtaining of special mercies."3
But fasting has become a lost art to our generation, and with this lapse, we are in danger of missing something incredibly beneficial. The void of this practice according to John Ortberg has us at a point where "We've lost the power it has to deepen our relationship with God, clarify our calling, and break strongholds in our lives."4 Yes, there are much worse things than being hungry.
Biblical Definition of Fasting
"Fasting is a conscious, chosen, temporary abstention from food, or some other normal activity, for spiritual renewal and focus. When we fast, we intentionally create space in our lives for deeper communion with God and reflection on his Word. We seek to break the hold of lesser hungers and desires so that our hearts can be more fully set on him.” — John Piper
Although many contemporary explanations of fasting involve fasting from other things like social media or watching TV, the only biblical example is fasting from food and drink. Those other things are certainly beneficial but they do not constitute “biblical” fasting. I would summarize biblical fasting as the private or corporate, intentional abstaining from food and/or drink for a specific period—most often accompanied, and closely identified with prayer. It is seen as a voluntary act of faith, a means of worship, and a way to express a longing for God's presence and intervention in various aspects of life. Bottom line? It’s the tangible expression of a hunger for God.5 This is a reflection we clearly see in the Scriptures.
A few Scriptural References:
Matthew 6:16-18: Describes fasting in secret, emphasizing the importance of doing it for God rather than for public recognition.
Matthew 9:14-15: Jesus addresses the disciples of John, highlighting the transition in fasting practices with His presence and affirming that His followers will fast when He is taken away.
Luke 2:36: Describes Prophetess Anna's worship with fasting, showing fasting as a form of worship and an expression of longing for God's presence and help.
Acts 13:1-3: Shows fasting in the context of missionary work, indicating that it precedes sending out missionaries and involves seeking the Spirit's guidance through combined fasting and prayer.
Acts 14:23: Illustrates fasting in the appointment of elders, revealing that elders are appointed with prayer and fasting, recognizing the need for divine intervention in leadership decisions.
In essence, biblical fasting goes beyond the mere act of abstaining from food; it involves a heart attitude of faith, worship, and a sincere desire for God. An act of the will, an attitude of the heart, and an overcoming of the passions of the body. You might say fasting is abstaining from food out of a hunger for more of God.
Frequency of Fasting
While the Bible provides instances of fasting and encourages seeking the Lord through fasting, it doesn't specify a rigid frequency for individual believers. Although there are particular moments that specifically call for fasting, the decision on how often to fast is often left to personal conviction and is often prompted when seeking God's guidance and responding to specific circumstances such as major decisions, times of desperation, or seeking divine intervention in certain situations. Individual Christians are encouraged to seek God's leading and consider their personal circumstances when deciding how often to engage in fasting, and corporate groups like churches or nations should as well.
Reasons for Fasting in the Bible
Discerning God’s Will: Employing fasting when seeking specific guidance from God (Judges 20:18–48; Acts 9:9, 13:1–4, 14:23).
Averting God’s Wrath through Fasting: Utilizing fasting to turn away God's wrath after we have provoked him by our sin (Exodus 32:11).
Seeking Protection in Fasting: Turning to fasting as a response to imminent danger, seeking divine intervention (Ezra 8:21–23).
Fasting for relief in Grief and Loss: Employing fasting and prayer during periods of personal or community grief (Nehemiah 1:1–4; Daniel 9:1–6; Daniel 6:16–18).
Enhancing Our Prayers: Intensifying the impact of intercessions by incorporating fasting with prayer (Daniel 9:3).
Repentance through Fasting: Joining fasting with genuine repentance for sins (Psalm 69:10; Jonah 3:5).
Selecting Leaders with Prayer and Fasting: Incorporating prayer and fasting in selecting leaders, as seen in the early church (Acts 14:23, 13:2–3).
Preparing Spiritually for Ministry with Fasting: Following Jesus' example of fasting in readiness for His public ministry (Matthew 4:1–11, Leviticus 16:29, 1 Samuel 14:24, Ezra 8:21).
Expressing Grief through Fasting: Conveying sorrow through fasting in times of loss (1 Samuel 31:8–13; 2 Samuel 1:11–12, 3:31–39).
Elevating Worship and Praise through Fasting: Intensifying the worship experience through the discipline of fasting (Luke 2:36–38).
Fasting durations found in the Bible
There are several examples of durations of fasting we find in the Scriptures:
1-Day Fasts: This is a common form of fasting where individuals abstain from food for a full day, often from sunrise to sunset. (Judges 20:26). It was practiced by some Pharisees weekly (Luke 18:9-14).
3-Day Fasts: Some biblical examples involve fasting for three consecutive days. An instance is found in the story of Esther, where she requested a three-day fast before going to the king (Esther 4:16, Saul-Acts 9:9).
7-day fasts: After the death of Saul, those who buried him mourned, fasting for seven days (1 Samuel 31:13).
10-day fasts: Daniel was fasting, eating only vegetables, and drinking water-only seeking favor, strength, wisdom, and discernment from the Lord (Daniel 1:12).
14-day fasts: Paul and the men on the ship fasted food for protection and wisdom. (Acts 27:33-34)
21-Day Fast: In the book of Daniel, the prophet describes spending "three full weeks" (21 days) in mourning and prayer, with limited food and drink (Daniel 10:2-3).
40-Day Fasts: A more extended period of fasting, famously observed by Jesus in the wilderness (Matthew 4:2) and by Moses during his time on Mount Sinai (Exodus 34:28), and even by Elijah, (1 Kings 19:8).
Total or Partial Fasts
While most often it appears fasting was a total abstention, Partial fasting involved abstaining from specific types of food or meals for a certain period without a complete restriction on all foods. An example can be seen in the “Daniel Fast”, where Daniel and his friends ate only vegetables and water for a specified time (Daniel 1:8-16). We might even consider the Nazarite vow that called for a complete abstention from all things related to grapes (Numbers 6:1-2) In this special oath, individuals sought a period of consecrated devotion to God. Among other practices, This vow involved abstaining from wine and all grape products: This encompassed grapes, raisins, vinegar, and even seeds or skins.
This discipline, rich in biblical tradition and historical significance, is not merely an act of abstention but a profound expression of faith and dependence on God. As we fast, we are reminded of the power of God, the importance of humility, and the transformative potential of seeking God with earnest intention. Let us approach fasting as a path to spiritual renewal, drawing closer to God and receiving the spiritual strength that comes from His hand.
A Challenge to Start
Tom Ascol, said "Fasting is a neglected treasure in Baptist life. It's not about legalism, but about prioritizing God and experiencing His power in a deeper way." Doing a one-day total fast may be exaclty what you need to see breakthrough, and deepen your relationship with God. Here’s a practical plan to get you started:
Pre-Fast Preparation (1-2 Days Before)
Prayerfully Set Your Intentions: Spend time in prayer to clarify your purpose for fasting. It could be seeking God's guidance, repentance, spiritual renewal, or intercession.
Inform people that pray: If comfortable, share your intention with trusted friends or family who can pray for you during this time. This is not an attempt to draw attention to yourself (which is sinful) rather, it is to gain support and accountability.
Prepare Your Body: Gradually reduce your food intake and consume lighter meals to prepare your body for fasting. Hydrate well.
Plan Your Day: Since you’ll be abstaining from food, consider how you’ll spend the time usually allocated for meals in prayer, reading Scripture, or quiet reflection. Your schedule may have to be adjusted to prevent awkward lunch meetings, etc.
The Day of Fasting
Start with Prayer: Begin your fast with prayer, committing your day and intentions to God.
Midday: Use the time you’d typically eat lunch for prayer.
Evening: Engage in quiet reflection or journaling. Reflect on the areas of your life where you seek God’s guidance or intervention.
Breaking the Fast: Break your fast gently with a light meal. Avoid heavy, rich foods to prevent digestive issues.
An alternative would be to Start the fast in the evening by skipping dinner, and then breaking it at dinner the next day.)
Post-Fast Reflection
Reflect on Your Experience: In the days following your fast, reflect on any insights or revelations received during this time.
Journal: Write down your experiences, thoughts, and any answers to prayer or guidance received.
Share: Where appropriate, share your experiences with your prayer circle or spiritual mentors to encourage and edify one another.
Additional Tips
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to stay hydrated.
Rest: Listen to your body. If you feel tired, rest or engage in light activities.
Stay Focused: If hunger distracts you, refocus your mind on your purpose for fasting and on God.
Remember, fasting is a spiritual discipline meant to draw you closer to God. It’s not about proving anything but about seeking a deeper communion with the Lord. Approach it with a humble and open heart, and be ready to receive whatever God has for you.
Study
True or False: Fasting can be a way to test and take control over the body’s natural hunger signals.
True or False: The Bible specifies a rigid schedule for how often individuals should fast.
D.L. Moody suggested that one will never fast if they wait until God lays it on their heart because of the reality of our _______.
Fasting is an act of _______ meant to deepen our relationship with God and clarify our calling.
Why do you think fasting was more common in early American history compared to today? Discuss how societal changes might have influenced this.
Reflect on the statement by John Ortberg about fasting being a forgotten spiritual discipline. Why do you think many Christians today might overlook fasting?
Discuss the various reasons for fasting mentioned in the Bible, such as discerning God’s will or expressing grief. How do these purposes enhance one’s faith?
Considering the different durations of fasting found in the Bible (one-day, three-day, twenty-one-day, forty-day), why do you think the duration of fasting varies? How might the purpose of fasting influence its length?
https://www.nyneurologists.com/blog/youre-hungry-says-who-your-stomach-or-your-brain
A Model of Christian Charity, 1630
A Discourse Concerning the Danger of Apostasy, 1679
"The Life You Can Save"
https://illbehonest.com/a-theology-of-fasting-tim-conway; https://www.desiringgod.org/interviews/why-do-christians-fast; https://renew.org/why-fasting-in-the-bible/